Will Sudan split set an African precedent? Almost four million people have registered to take part in Sunday's referendum on whether Sudan should split in two, with many backing a yes vote Continue reading the main story Sudan: Set for divorce? One country or two? Bye bye Khartoum Q&A: South Sudan referendum Vote in pictures On Sunday the people of Southern Sudan will vote on whether to become an independent nation. There is every indication they will vote in favour of cutting their links with Khartoum and become Africa's 54th state. BBC Africa analyst Martin Plaut considers whether this will increase demands from other African regions for independence. The slogan adopted by the Africa Union - the body representing the continent - is simple: Africa must unite. In the 1960s the leaders who brought Africa to independence were faced with a terrible dilemma. Most of the borders they had inherited had been drawn by the European powers who divided the continent in the 1880s, during what was known as the "scramble for Africa". They cut through ethnic groups, dividing peoples and even families. The countries threw together men and women who had differences of language and religion. Yet Africa's leaders decided to accept these frontiers: Unpicking them would have set every new country against the other. The independence borders were treated as sacrosanct. Continue reading the main story “ Start Quote The independence of south Sudan will force governments to pay greater attention to the concerns and grievances of marginalised areas” Knox Chitiyo Royal United Service Institute African papers ponder Sudan's split 'Increased paranoia' So does the referendum in Sudan mark the end of this principle? Southern Sudan would not be the first new post-independence country to be recognised in Africa. Eritrea broke away from Ethiopia in 1993. But the Eritreans could argue that they had been an independent state under the Italians and that Emperor Haile Selassie had violated a United Nations resolution when the territory was annexed as just another Ethiopian province in 1962. So, it is said, Eritrea does not break the African injunction on new states. But a string of territories might argue that they have a case for secession. These include Somaliland, which was independent from Somalia for just three days in the 1960s. There are movements fighting for greater autonomy in the Casamance region of Senegal, the Cabinda region of Angola or parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo, such as Katanga. And one should not forget the Libyan leader, Muammar Gadaffi's call for Nigeria to be divided. There is also deep concern in Khartoum that the independence of the south could lead to a disintegration of the country, with some in Darfur also demanding independence. The emergence of Southern Sudan is likely to increase the paranoia of African leaders, says Knox Chitiyo, head of the Africa programme at the Royal United Service Institute. "The independence of south Sudan will force governments to pay greater attention to the concerns and grievances of marginalised areas. Regions which have had long-standing secessionist threats are likely to receive closer attention from African leaders," he says. Economic convergence The African Union is providing troops to conflict zones such as Somalia There are also pressures that will drive the continent towards greater integration. Market forces are bringing Africans closer together. As Patrick Smith, editor of the newsletter Africa Confidential puts it: "African unity is not at risk. African integration is being driven by strong market-driven forces, as the continent's economies grow to meet the rising demand from Asia." These trends have been supported by institutional developments. The African Development Bank and institutions like the World Bank are keen to support projects which increase regional trade. There are also attempts to reduce the inhibiting impact of border tariffs and customs duties. The East African Community, for example, is making progress in reducing restrictions on trade and employment, even if these are sometimes painfully slow. There has also been progress towards providing the African Union with a military capability drawing on regional forces. There are already African troops in conflict zones including Darfur and Somalia. The crisis in Ivory Coast is the next test of how far this has developed and to what extent the international community is prepared to support institutions like the West African grouping, Ecowas. All of the continent's nations still recognise the African Union as their representative body on the global stage. Certainly the international community does not want to see Africa splintering into fragments. The West has gone out of its way to reassure the Sudanese government that it will not see the independence of the south as the beginning of the disintegration of the state. . Vé máy bay giá rẻ / ve may bay gia re
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Friday, July 6, 2012
Sudan: One country or two?
Sudan: One country or two?
Sudan - Africa's biggest country - seems to be on the verge of splitting in two. Southerners will vote on Sunday whether or not to leave the north. They are widely expected to vote for independence. These maps show the extent to which Sudan is already two nations - a richer, Arabic-speaking, Muslim north and a poorer south devastated by years of conflict and neglect.
Sudan: A country divided
Geography
Ethnic groups
Infant mortality
Water & sanitation
Education
Food insecurity
Oil fields
Show regions
The great divide across Sudan is visible even from space, as this Nasa satellite image shows. The northern states are a blanket of desert, broken only by the fertile Nile corridor. Southern Sudan is covered by green swathes of grassland, swamps and tropical forest.
Sudan's arid northern regions are home mainly to Arabic-speaking Muslims. But in Southern Sudan there is no dominant culture. The Dinkas and the Nuers are the largest of more than 200 ethnic groups, each with its own traditional beliefs and languages.
The health inequalities in Sudan are illustrated by infant mortality rates. In Southern Sudan, one in 10 children die before their first birthday. Whereas in the more developed northern states, such as Gezira and White Nile, half of those children would be expected to survive.
The gulf in water resources between north and south is stark. In Khartoum, River Nile, and Gezira states, two-thirds of people have access to piped drinking water and pit latrines. In the south, boreholes and unprotected wells are the main drinking sources. More than 80% of southerners have no toilet facilities whatsoever.
Throughout Sudan, access to primary school education is strongly linked to household earnings. In the poorest parts of the south, less than 1% of children finish primary school. Whereas in the wealthier north, up to 50% of children complete primary level education.
Conflict and poverty are the main causes of food insecurity in Sudan. The residents of war-affected Darfur and Southern Sudan are still greatly dependent on food aid. Far more than in northern states, which tend to be wealthier, more urbanised and less reliant on agriculture.
Sudan exports billions of dollars of oil per year. Southern states produce more than 80% of it, but receive only 50% of the revenue, exacerbating tensions with the north. The oil-rich border region of Abyei is to hold a separate vote on whether to join the north or the south.
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Sudan referendum: 'Peace at any cost'
Sudan referendum: 'Peace at any cost'
Continue reading the main story
Sudan: Set for divorce?
One country or two?
Bye bye Khartoum
Q&A: South Sudan referendum
Vote in pictures
Voting is underway in polling station across Southern Sudan for a historic week-long referendum on independence. Many believe southerners will chose to divide Africa's largest country.
The southerners, who are mostly Christian or follow traditional beliefs, deeply resent years of domination by the mainly Arab north whose politicians tried but failed to impose Islamic law right across the country, sparking two decades of war.
Here, people from south and north Sudan share their views on the future of their country.
Daniel Mwaka, 21, student, Juba, Southern Sudan
There are many reasons why I will vote for separation. We, the southerners, want to be in charge of our country and our resources without interference from the north.
We want to maintain our culture and language, we want to develop the south and stop the exploitation of resources by the north. We don't want to have Sharia law, which was imposed by the Khartoum government.
Continue reading the main story
“
Start Quote
We are hard-working so we will make the south the most successful state”
For me personally independence means a lot. It means I can be a first -class citizen in my own country. Independence also means opportunities for development. But above all, the people of Southern Sudan will have peace and stability.
Enough is enough. This time we say no to all the suffering we went through.
And we are ready for this - more than everyone else expects.
It's not going to be easy. We have to work hard for peace and development, for a better Southern Sudan. Everything needs hard work and determination.
Tribalism must be checked in the south in order to avoid inter-tribal tension and insecurities. I have even recorded a song about the referendum - it's about unity for the southern Sudanese and how to deal with tribalism.
My parents died during the war. I was eight. This forced me to work really hard for a living and to educate myself. Now I run a small business to help me pay my university fees.
We've been through a lot. We are hard-working, so we will make the south the most successful state.
Clement Lochio Lomornana, 27, journalist, Budi, Southern Sudan
I'm greeting you in the name of referendum and the birth of the world's newest nation - Southern Sudan.
The reason why I will vote for separation is clear - we are tired of abuses, we are tired of marginalisation and oppression, we are tired of being slaves, we are tired of being forced to go to mosques, we are tired of changing our African names against our will.
Continue reading the main story
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Start Quote
Independence will be our new page, page full of happiness”
We are tired of being sidelined for government jobs, scholarships, military ranks and many many more. This is a golden chance to decide our own destiny.
Independence means freedom - physical, psychological, mental, emotional and spiritual. It is very important to me to be able to exercise my rights in my own country without religious interference.
All those years we've been led by the Koran, not the government. I lost my father in 1993 just because he refused to accept the name Mustafa after being appointed a chief representing our community in Khartoum.
We've been waiting for services from Khartoum since 1945 but the only thing we saw was northerners building mosques in the south for their own Islamic agenda.
Independence will be our new page, page full of happiness, good opportunities, development, democracy and integrity. We believe we are rich: we have the Nile waters crossing our country, we have fertile land and natural resources.
Yes we are ready for it. We have our own military, police, parliament, judiciary and various ministries. South Sudan Bank is in place, so what are we waiting for? Let northerners remain in the north while we in the south will have a country with diverse African culture and Christianity.
We will rebuild our infrastructure - we have what it takes to develop the economy, construct roads across all states. Southern Sudan will be a successfully country.
Akram Obaid Siddig, NGO worker, Khartoum, northern Sudan
I am from the north and I think it is better for all of us to split. We have tried wars and wars haven't taken us anywhere. So it's better to let them live their lives and let's see what will happen in the future.
Maybe we'll become one nation again. But for the time-being the best solution is to split - this is their wish and so be it.
I hope that with God's help all will be fine but I can't help but worry about the consequences. I have a brother who is in the army in the south. I am afraid that there might be problems, violence.
I am not worried that our government will do something, but there might be tribal tension, which could lead to violence. There might be a power struggle and that will surely hurt us in the north.
I don't think the south is ready to be independent. There's no basis for a new state: there's practically no infrastructure, no roads, no schools and lots of corruption.
Yes, they do make money from the oil, but it's not clear where this money goes. All the ministers of the south are living the high life, while ordinary people live in poverty.
I think we will be fine. We'll charge for the pipeline to go through the north, although I guess fuel prices will go up, which will have an effect on us.
I respect southerners very much - I've got lots of friends among them, and most of the people here in the north feel the same way. There are no problems between us on a personal level, the problems are all political.
We just want peace and stability, that's all we all want. People fear for the country. We don't want to be another Somalia, another Iraq, another Afghanistan.
Yasseen Abdel-Moneim, 42, from northern Sudan, now in the UK
I really hope we don't split. The south is home, the north is home and we are all brothers, one nation, one people. Let us have the courage and conviction to be one. Let's celebrate our similarities and not be divided by our differences.
Continue reading the main story
“
Start Quote
The best way forward is to share, not split - we are stronger in unity”
I am a Muslim, but I went to a Catholic missionary school in Khartoum. We were children from different ethnic and religious background but that was never a problem.
We were all in it together - Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs and Christians - and that nurtured tolerance in us, it showed us how similar we are, despite our differences.
I would love Sudan to remain united. It's the biggest country in Africa, we should come together as brothers and be together for the future.
The best way forward is to share, not split. We are stronger in unity. Two men together is more than one man alone.
Sudan is such a vast country, I don't think the government can be central because it doesn't represent the views of everyone. So we should have a system similar to the one in the UK, where there is a central government, but each region governs itself.
But, if people in the south want their own government, let them have it. Let them be empowered, be in charge of their own destiny.
I can see it happening, the independence. The south and the north are so intricately entwined, it will be a difficult split. I hope there'll be open borders and business continues as it is.
Sudanese people are fed up of civil war. They want to see peace at any cost. It's just a shame that a country has to be divided
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Southern Sudan prepares to wave 'Bye bye Khartoum'
Southern Sudan prepares to wave 'Bye bye Khartoum'
The map of Africa is about to change. The continent's largest country looks set to be split in two as southern Sudanese start voting in a referendum on independence this Sunday.
This is no cliff-hanger - it would be a surprise if fewer than 90% of the votes were in favour of breaking away from the north.
"Bye Bye Khartoum," reads a banner outside a shop in Juba - the town which is surely going to become the world's newest capital.
The southerners, who are mostly Christian or follow traditional beliefs, deeply resent years of domination by the mainly Arab north whose politicians tried but failed to impose Islamic law right across the country, sparking two decades of war.
"I need separation because the Arabs have been sitting on the southerners," said Jimmy, one of the workers in the shop.
"We do not need any leadership from Khartoum. We have our own resources. We have been suffering for over 50 years," added the shop-owner, Francis.
"I was born in war. I grew up in the war. Throughout my education - war was there. I could only set up this business when the peace came," he added.
'Thorny road'
Sudan's independence in 1956 followed more than 50 years of joint British-Egyptian rule but 2011 is the year that most southerners expect to start counting the years of real independence.
Lt-Gen James Hoth Mai said he always knew this day would come for Southern Sudan
For 32 of the years that followed the end of colonial rule, gunfire and aerial bombardment wreaked havoc across southern Sudan, as the brutal civil war between north and south raged and at times looked like never ending.
Today inside the barracks of the former southern rebels, the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), I witnessed an extraordinary sight.
High-ranking soldiers were smiling as they scrutinised a list taped to a wall. It indicated at which polling station within the barracks they would be casting their ballots in the independence referendum.
For the SPLA fighters who fought against northern government soldiers and their allied militias, this event is the culmination of an arduous battle.
"I am really happy to see that we are going to end this thorny road we have been on," SPLA Chief of Staff Lt-Gen James Hoth Mai told me with his voter registration card in hand.
"Whether I was alive or dead, I knew those who were still alive would make it - we were determined to reach this day."
"We should be the happiest people," added Maj Gen JJ Okot who joined the SPLA in the mid-1980s at the age of 22.
President Omar al-Bashir (r) has said separation will be the achievement of "real peace" in Sudan
"This is going to be the final war, by giving my vote for the freedom of our people. It supplements the energy and the efforts we exerted. It supplements the loss of colleagues who fell in the battlefield in search of freedom."
The war ended with a peace deal in 2005 which guaranteed the south the right to choose between unity or independence.
It appears that the northern politicians have, in recent weeks, finally realised the split was on the way and that an amicable divorce was the best option for all sides.
This week, President Omar al-Bashir made a rare visit to Juba and his message went a long way to appease those who feared the north would do all it could, including using a return to violence, to block the referendum.
"It will be sad for Sudan to disintegrate. But we will be happy if through this referendum and the formation of the two states we will have achieved real peace and peace on both sides of Sudan," President Bashir said before offering Southern Sudan support, advice, expertise and training.
Countdown clock interrupted
Continue reading the main story
“
Start Quote
The relations between the people will be good as there is intermarriage between the north and south”
Abu Obida Korak
Street vendor
Considering the history of animosity between the two sides it was astonishing to see him smiling beside the man who is set to be the first president of Southern Sudan, Salva Kiir.
The road to independence has been rough but there are still plenty of potentially lethal pot holes ahead.
The two sides have still not agreed how to share the profits from the oil wells, most of which are situated in the south. The south exports its oil via Port Sudan in the north - so the split needs to be cordial or the government in Juba risks losing almost all of its revenue.
Parts of the oil-rich common border have not been demarcated, which leaves plenty of room for disagreement in the months ahead, while there is also the need to ensure cattle-herding communities can cross the border to allow their animals to graze.
In addition, the issue of citizenship is still not as clear as it could be.
Thousands of southerners who had been living in, or were even born in, the north have packed their bags in recent months and have headed south out of fear that they would face discrimination and harassment if the country splits.
Since the 2005 peace agreement, the number of Arabs living in the south has also dropped, although in Juba I met an Arab trader who seemed completely at ease.
"The relations between the people will be good as there is intermarriage between the north and south," said Abu Obida Korak, wearing white robes from head to toe.
Despite roots in the north, his family has been living in Juba for more than 100 years.
"When there was dialogue between the southern government and Muslim community, President Salva Kiir gave assurance that all the northerners would be protected here in south Sudan," he added.
With or without interference from the north, an independent south will still face huge challenges.
Largely thanks to the war, Southern Sudan will start off life as one of the very poorest nations on the planet, where preventing inter-ethnic conflict will be a major test.
In Juba, the digital clock which was meant to countdown the minutes to the referendum keeps re-setting to zero because of the erratic power supply.
Nobody expects things to suddenly start working after independence but the yearning for freedom here is far too strong to let that dampen the excitement.
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Q&A: Southern Sudan referendum
Almost four million people have registered to take part in Sunday's referendum on whether Africa's biggest country - Sudan - should split in two. The vote was a condition of a 2005 deal to end almost two decades of conflict between north and south.
Why do some southerners want their own country?
Like the rest of Africa, Sudan's borders were drawn up by colonial powers with little regard to cultural realities on the ground.
Southern Sudan is full of jungles and swamps, while the north is mostly desert.
Most northerners are Arabic-speaking Muslims, while the south is made up of numerous different ethnic groups who are mostly Christian or follow traditional religions.
With the government based in the north, many southerners said they were discriminated against and north and south have fought each other for most of the country's history. Southerners were also angered at attempts to impose Islamic law on the whole country.
Who will vote?
Only southerners are eligible to take part in the poll, which means most people think the outcome is bound to be independence.
Nearly all of those who registered already live in the south - the hundreds of thousands of people who fled to the north during the war seem to have either gone home to register - as they were urged to do by southern leaders - or not bothered.
But at least 60% of registered voters must take part for the referendum to be valid - with low literacy levels and little history of voting, this may be more difficult to achieve than the simple majority needed for a verdict either way.
What happens next?
Voting lasts for seven days.
Assuming that the verdict is to secede, Africa's newest country will come into being on 9 July 2011 - exactly six years after the peace deal took effect. Then the hard work really begins.
Is Southern Sudan ready for independence?
To be brutally honest, no.
After years of warfare and being ignored by central government, the country-to-be which is larger than Spain and Portugal combined has hardly any roads and not nearly enough schools or health services for its population of roughly eight million.
The SPLM former rebels who have been running the region since 2005 have at least gained some experience of governance.
They have lots of money from the south's oil fields but their critics say they have so far wasted much of it on the military and not done enough to raise living standards in one of the world's poorest regions.
They have drawn up ambitious plans to develop their cities and have decided the winner of a competition to compose a new national anthem. The south's own flag is already on display across the region.
Most people assume the new country will be called South, or Southern, Sudan but this has not been officially decided. Other suggestions are New Sudan or even Cush, after a biblical kingdom in the area.
What will happen to the north?
The immediate priority for the northern government will be to keep hold of as much of the oil revenue as it can, as most oil fields lie in the south.
There is a dispute over one oil-rich area - Abyei - which is to hold a separate vote, possibly later this year, on which country to join. The north may also earn revenue from piping the oil over its territory to Port Sudan on the Red Sea.
In terms of ordinary people's lives, both sides have agreed to let all Sudanese - in particular the many southerners in Khartoum - choose which nationality to take.
But President Bashir's announcement that he will implement a stricter version of Sharia in the north if the south secedes may prompt even more southerners to leave the north.
Sudan: A country divided
Geography
Ethnic groups
Infant mortality
Water & sanitation
Education
Food insecurity
Oil fields
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Can Sudan's oil feed north and south?
Can Sudan's oil feed north and south?
The oil has meant that food shortages have become a thing of the past
Continue reading the main story
Sudan: Set for divorce?
One country or two?
Bye bye Khartoum
Q&A: South Sudan referendum
Vote in pictures
Oil has fuelled conflict in Sudan, and rapid growth in the northern heartland of Africa's biggest country, as the 4x4s purring past shining skyscrapers in the capital, Khartoum, suggest.
But now southerners seem certain to choose independence in Sunday's referendum - and when they go they will take most of Sudan's oil with them.
"The most important thing about southern secession is what will happen to the oil revenues," says Rosie Sharpe of the campaign group Global Witness, which has released a report on the country's oil wealth.
"Without a new, equitable oil deal between north and south, it is difficult to see how southern separation could pass off peacefully."
An estimated two million people died in a two decade long north-south civil war which often flared most fiercely around oil fields in the south.
Most of Sudan's oil is produced in the south, but exported through the north
But some Sudanese now hope that rather than creating a new war, this time the precious resource could lubricate a peaceful future between the two states.
Since a 2005 peace deal, the south and the north split southern oil revenues equally - and almost three-quarters of the daily 500,000 barrels output comes from the south.
The north's economy would take a mighty hit if the south secedes.
According to Global Witness, oil revenues accounted for 50% of domestic revenue and 93% of Sudan's exports in 2009.
Already prices for food and basic goods are rising, as the government scales down on subsidies it feels it will no longer be able to afford.
'Deluded'
In public the northern authorities are optimistic.
Continue reading the main story
“
Start Quote
Without additional discoveries, it is estimated that output will peak in the 2011-12 year and then gradually decline thereafter and is likely to run out in 20 to 30 years”
Dirk-Jan Omtzigt
Economic adviser
Nafie Ali Nafie, a close ally of President Omar al-Bashir and a former head of national security, said that those who spread rumours that the economy in the north would collapse due to the south's secession were "greatly deluded".
He said southern independence would have "no impact" on the economy of the north which has "many alternatives in agriculture and minerals".
In private, the northern leaders are panicking - it is simply not possible that losing so big a part of the economy will not have consequences.
The spectre of food riots and angry street demonstrations, a vivid memory for many Sudanese, is a worrying one.
But the south's reliance on oil - which provides 98% of its revenue - makes it tremendously vulnerable too.
If the oil stops flowing, the southern economy would collapse.
The 85% of its people who live from agriculture might not be directly affected, but the state would be unable to pay its soldiers, and instability would undoubtedly be the result.
The almost $10bn (£6.5bn) the south has received in oil revenues since the 2005 peace agreement have paid for some improvements to roads and infrastructure.
But many people say they have seen little benefit from the petrodollars, and Southern Sudan remains one of the least developed regions on earth.
Nevertheless oil money is the region's one real earner, so it is vital the oil keeps pumping after separation.
Southern Sudan remains one of the least developed regions on earth
The Southern Sudan government has said it will respect deals that have already been signed.
Some oil executives have already moved down to the southern capital, Juba, from Khartoum.
But, crucially, the pipeline to export the oil goes to Port Sudan, in the north.
This, it is hoped, will encourage the two putative countries to work together.
There has been talk of a new pipeline to Kenya, but this would be extremely costly and would take years to build.
Untapped reserves?
In the ongoing post-referendum negotiations, resources are a key topic, and it seems likely the south will agree to pay a hefty fee to use the north's pipeline.
It has even been suggested, by Luka Biong - a southern minister in Sudan's federal government - that the south might continue to give Khartoum a share of the oil revenue for some time.
Alsir Sidahmed, a Sudanese journalist who specialises in oil, sees some positive signs of co-operation.
Continue reading the main story
“
Start Quote
Transparency of the oil revenues is paramount to ensuring that any new oil deal stands the tests of time”
Rosie Sharpe
Global Witness
"In August an oil deal was signed in block E, which extends over both the north and the south," he says.
"The main concessionaries are Spanish and Norwegian companies, but Sudapet and Nilepet - the companies of the north and south - are taking 10% each.
"The referendum is coming up but already the north and south are getting into an oil deal which will last for 25 years."
In the long-term, the south will need to diversify its economy away from oil.
"Without additional discoveries, it is estimated that output will peak in the 2011-12 year and then gradually decline thereafter and is likely to run out in 20 to 30 years," said Dirk-Jan Omtzigt, during his recent period as an economic adviser at the Joint Donor Team, set up by six donor nations to support the south after the peace deal.
There may well be untapped reserves in the south, but if they are in swampy or difficult terrain they could be costly to extract.
In the short- to medium-term, the oil is the southern economy's only chance.
The hope is that a mutual interdependence will keep the north and south from fighting.
"If north and south can reach an equitable deal as to how they will co-operate over oil, the shared oil revenues could give a strong incentive for keeping the peace, as they have done over the past five years," says Ms Sharpe.
But she has a warning.
"Transparency of the oil revenues is paramount to ensuring that any new oil deal stands the tests of time."
Vé máy bay giá rẻ / ve may bay gia re
Dịch vụ xuất nhập khẩu . dich vu xuat nhap khau
Dịch vụ xuất nhập khẩu . dich vu xuat nhap khau
Dịch vụ xuất nhập khẩu . dich vu xuat nhap khau
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The oil has meant that food shortages have become a thing of the past
Continue reading the main story
Sudan: Set for divorce?
One country or two?
Bye bye Khartoum
Q&A: South Sudan referendum
Vote in pictures
Oil has fuelled conflict in Sudan, and rapid growth in the northern heartland of Africa's biggest country, as the 4x4s purring past shining skyscrapers in the capital, Khartoum, suggest.
But now southerners seem certain to choose independence in Sunday's referendum - and when they go they will take most of Sudan's oil with them.
"The most important thing about southern secession is what will happen to the oil revenues," says Rosie Sharpe of the campaign group Global Witness, which has released a report on the country's oil wealth.
"Without a new, equitable oil deal between north and south, it is difficult to see how southern separation could pass off peacefully."
An estimated two million people died in a two decade long north-south civil war which often flared most fiercely around oil fields in the south.
Most of Sudan's oil is produced in the south, but exported through the north
But some Sudanese now hope that rather than creating a new war, this time the precious resource could lubricate a peaceful future between the two states.
Since a 2005 peace deal, the south and the north split southern oil revenues equally - and almost three-quarters of the daily 500,000 barrels output comes from the south.
The north's economy would take a mighty hit if the south secedes.
According to Global Witness, oil revenues accounted for 50% of domestic revenue and 93% of Sudan's exports in 2009.
Already prices for food and basic goods are rising, as the government scales down on subsidies it feels it will no longer be able to afford.
'Deluded'
In public the northern authorities are optimistic.
Continue reading the main story
“
Start Quote
Without additional discoveries, it is estimated that output will peak in the 2011-12 year and then gradually decline thereafter and is likely to run out in 20 to 30 years”
Dirk-Jan Omtzigt
Economic adviser
Nafie Ali Nafie, a close ally of President Omar al-Bashir and a former head of national security, said that those who spread rumours that the economy in the north would collapse due to the south's secession were "greatly deluded".
He said southern independence would have "no impact" on the economy of the north which has "many alternatives in agriculture and minerals".
In private, the northern leaders are panicking - it is simply not possible that losing so big a part of the economy will not have consequences.
The spectre of food riots and angry street demonstrations, a vivid memory for many Sudanese, is a worrying one.
But the south's reliance on oil - which provides 98% of its revenue - makes it tremendously vulnerable too.
If the oil stops flowing, the southern economy would collapse.
The 85% of its people who live from agriculture might not be directly affected, but the state would be unable to pay its soldiers, and instability would undoubtedly be the result.
The almost $10bn (£6.5bn) the south has received in oil revenues since the 2005 peace agreement have paid for some improvements to roads and infrastructure.
But many people say they have seen little benefit from the petrodollars, and Southern Sudan remains one of the least developed regions on earth.
Nevertheless oil money is the region's one real earner, so it is vital the oil keeps pumping after separation.
Southern Sudan remains one of the least developed regions on earth
The Southern Sudan government has said it will respect deals that have already been signed.
Some oil executives have already moved down to the southern capital, Juba, from Khartoum.
But, crucially, the pipeline to export the oil goes to Port Sudan, in the north.
This, it is hoped, will encourage the two putative countries to work together.
There has been talk of a new pipeline to Kenya, but this would be extremely costly and would take years to build.
Untapped reserves?
In the ongoing post-referendum negotiations, resources are a key topic, and it seems likely the south will agree to pay a hefty fee to use the north's pipeline.
It has even been suggested, by Luka Biong - a southern minister in Sudan's federal government - that the south might continue to give Khartoum a share of the oil revenue for some time.
Alsir Sidahmed, a Sudanese journalist who specialises in oil, sees some positive signs of co-operation.
Continue reading the main story
“
Start Quote
Transparency of the oil revenues is paramount to ensuring that any new oil deal stands the tests of time”
Rosie Sharpe
Global Witness
"In August an oil deal was signed in block E, which extends over both the north and the south," he says.
"The main concessionaries are Spanish and Norwegian companies, but Sudapet and Nilepet - the companies of the north and south - are taking 10% each.
"The referendum is coming up but already the north and south are getting into an oil deal which will last for 25 years."
In the long-term, the south will need to diversify its economy away from oil.
"Without additional discoveries, it is estimated that output will peak in the 2011-12 year and then gradually decline thereafter and is likely to run out in 20 to 30 years," said Dirk-Jan Omtzigt, during his recent period as an economic adviser at the Joint Donor Team, set up by six donor nations to support the south after the peace deal.
There may well be untapped reserves in the south, but if they are in swampy or difficult terrain they could be costly to extract.
In the short- to medium-term, the oil is the southern economy's only chance.
The hope is that a mutual interdependence will keep the north and south from fighting.
"If north and south can reach an equitable deal as to how they will co-operate over oil, the shared oil revenues could give a strong incentive for keeping the peace, as they have done over the past five years," says Ms Sharpe.
But she has a warning.
"Transparency of the oil revenues is paramount to ensuring that any new oil deal stands the tests of time."
Dịch vụ xuất nhập khẩu . dich vu xuat nhap khau
Dịch vụ xuất nhập khẩu . dich vu xuat nhap khau
Dịch vụ xuất nhập khẩu . dich vu xuat nhap khau
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Nước SuaDAn 5
Chính thể hiện hữu tại Sudan được coi là một chính phủ độc tài với quyền lực tập trung trong tay của Tổng thống Omar al-Bashir. Bashir lên cướp chính quyền trong một cuộc đảo chánh hồi Tháng Sáu năm 1989 và giữ vai trò tối cao từ đó đến nay (2009).
Từ năm 1983 đến 1997 Sudan được chia thành tám xứ (5 xứ thuộc miền Bắc, 3 ở miền Nam). Mỗi xứ có đô thống quân đội đứng đầu. Sau cuộc đảo chánh năm 1985 thì hội đồng hàng xứ đã bị giải thể.
Tháng 12 năm 1999 cuộc tranh chấp quyền lực giữa Tổng thống Omar al-Bashir và Chủ tịch Quốc hội Hassan al-Turabi bùng nổ. Turabi bị tước hết quyền lực, Quốc hội bị giải tán, hiến pháp bị bãi bỏ và tổng thống tuyên bố thiết quân luật. Mãi đến Tháng Hai năm 2001, sau cuộc tuyển cử năm 2000 chính phủ mới cho triệu tập lại Quốc hội nhưng thiết quân luật vẫn giữ nguyên và Turabi bị tống giam vì tội hiệp thương với lực lượng SPLA. Turabi tiếp tục lên án chính phủ nên dù khi được thả khỏi tù, ông vẫn bị quản chế tại gia.
Theo Hiệp định Hoà bình Bắc – Nam (2005), Sudan thành lập Chính phủ đoàn kết dân tộc và Quốc hội 450 ghế theo tỉ lệ phân chia đảng Đại hội Quốc gia (NCP): 52%, Phong trào Giải phóng miền Nam Sudan (SPLM): 28%, các đảng phái miền Bắc khác: 14%, các đảng phải miền Nam khác: 6%. Từ 2/2003, các nhóm vũ trang Darfur (miền Tây Sudan) nổi dậy chống Chính phủ với lý do Chính phủ không quan tâm đến Darfur. Ngày 5 tháng 5 năm 2006, dưới sự bảo trợ của Liên minh châu Phi, Phong trào Giải phóng Sudan (1 trong 2 nhóm vũ trang lớn nhất ở Darfur) do Minawy đứng đầu ký Hiệp định hoà bình với Chính phủ Sudan. Tháng 2 năm 2009, Chính phủ Sudan và Phong trào Công bằng, Công lý đã ký Văn kiện xây dựng lòng tin mở đường cho đàm phán hòa bình giữa Chính phủ và các nhóm nổi dậy tại Darfur.
[sửa] Quan hệ quốc tế
Sudan thực hiện chính sách đối ngoại độc lập, không liên kết; có quan hệ tốt với các nước Ả Rập, châu Phi và Trung Quốc. Trung Quốc có nhiều đầu tư lớn vào cơ sở hạ tầng và dầu mỏ tại Sudan.Mỹ xếp Sudan vào "danh sách các nhà nước khủng bố"; áp đặt luật cấm vận kinh tế hoàn toàn với Sudan ngày 3 tháng 11 năm 1997; lệnh bắt Tổng thống Sudan của Tòa án Hình sự Quốc tế ngày 4 tháng 3 năm 2009 được Mỹ, Pháp, Anh, Đức ủng hộ.
Sudan là thành viên của Liên Hiệp Quốc, Liên minh châu Phi (AU), Tổ chức Hội nghị Hồi giáo (OIC), Quỹ tiền tệ quốc tế (IMF), quan sát viên của Tổ chức thương mại thế giới (WTO)...
Sudan có quan hệ đặc biệt với Trung Quốc, là quốc gia đầu tư chính vào công nghiệp dầu khí của Sudan.
[sửa] Nhân quyền
Năm 2005, Hội đồng Bảo an Liên Hiệp Quốc đã chấp thuận nghị quyết số 1593 đề nghị đưa tình hình ở Darfur ra trước Tòa án Tội phạm Quốc tế La Haye, tìm nguyên nhân và trách nhiệm về những tội ác đã đưa đến cái chết của khoảng 300.000 người và khiến hơn 2 triệu người khác phải thất tán, kể từ năm 2003. Tháng 7 năm 2008, Trưởng ban công tố tòa án Hình sự Quốc tế, còn gọi tắt là ICC, đã trình bày với hội đồng gồm 3 thẩm phán các bằng chứng cáo buộc Tổng thống Bashir về trách nhiệm có liên quan đến 10 cáo trạng về diệt chủng, các tội ác đối với nhân loại và các tội ác chiến tranh, đồng thời yêu cầu tòa công bố trát bắt ông Bashir [5]. Phát ngôn viên Bộ ngoại giao Trung Quốc Lưu Kiến Siêu nói rằng Bắc Kinh vẫn duy trì quan hệ thân hữu với Sudan và rất lo ngại về các cáo trạng vừa kể và Trung Quốc (là quốc gia đầu tư chính vào công nghiệp dầu khí của Sudan) cũng phủ nhận một bản tin của đài BBC nói rằng Trung Quốc đã vi phạm một lệnh cấm vận vũ khí áp dụng đối với Sudan [6].[sửa] Địa giới hành chính
Sudan được chia làm 26 bang, các bang này lại chia tiếp thành 133 quận.[sửa] Địa lý
Sudan nằm ở Đông Phi, Bắc giáp Ai Cập, Đông Bắc giáp biển Đỏ, Đông giáp Eritrea và Ethiopia, Tây giáp Chad, Libya và Cộng hòa Trung Phi, Nam giáp Nam Sudan.Sudan là nước có diện tích lớn thứ ba châu Phi. Toàn bộ vùng cao nguyên (300m đến 1.200m) rộng lớn thoải dần từ Nam đến Bắc và được bao quanh bởi một vài khối núi vùng ngoại vi ở phía Tây (vùng núi Darfour; Djebel Marra, 3.088 m), ở phía Đông Bắc ven biển Đỏ (Djchel Erba, 2.217 m; Djehel Oda, 2.259 m).
Phần lớn dân cư tập trung ở các vùng hợp lưu của sông Nile Trắng và sông Nile Xanh. Ở phía Bắc, các vùng sa mạc gợn sóng nối tiếp với các đồng cỏ. Tài nguyên thiên nhiên ở Sudan gồm có dầu mỏ, quặng sắt (trữ lượng nhỏ), đồng, kẽm, crom, tungsten, mica, vàng, bạc, thủy điện.
Khí hậu ở Sudan nằm trong vùng khí hậu sa mạc khô và nóng. Do phần lớn lãnh thổ là sa mạc Sahara nên Sudan thiếu nguồn nước tự nhiên nghiêm trọng; ô nhiễm nước gây nguy hại cho sức khỏe con người; đất bị xói mòn; sa mạc hóa; nạn săn bắt thái quá đe dọa các loài thú rừng.
[sửa] Kinh tế
Sudan là quốc gia kinh tế nông nghiệp chậm phát triển.Nền kinh tế chủ yếu dựa vào nông nghiệp (chiếm 80% lực lượng lao động), gồm ngành trồng cây lương thực (lúa miến, khoai lang, sắn) và ngành chăn nuôi (bò, cừu, dê, lạc đà) ở các vùng phía Bắc và phía Nam. Bông vải là mặt hàng xuất khẩu chính. Nguồn khoáng sản và năng lượng chưa được chú trọng khai thác. Vùng lãnh thổ phía Nam có những giếng dầu lớn, Sudan bắt đầu xuất khẩu dầu vào năm 1999. Một số ngành công nghiệp tập trung ở Khartoum và Port Sudan, chủ yếu là các ngành chế biến nông sản.
Cơ cấu kinh tế của Sudan bị xáo trộn do cuộc nội chiến hoành hành ở miền Nam có đa số người Kitô giáo da đen chống lại sự cai trị của người Hồi giáo ở miền Bắc. Các nước phương Tây và một số nước Ả Rập ôn hòa đã đình chỉ những khoản trợ giúp, nợ nước ngoài gia tăng chồng chất.
Sản phẩm công nghiệp gồm có : Dầu mỏ, bông vải, hàng dệt, xi măng, dầu ăn, đường, xà phòng, giày dép, dầu tinh lọc, dược phẩm, vũ khí, ô tô và xe vận tải nhẹ.
Sản phẩm nông nghiệp gồm có : Bông vải, lúa mì, lúa miến, lạc, kê, vừng, mía, sắn, khoai lang, chuối, xoài, đu đủ, gôm Arập; cừu, gia súc.
[sửa] Dân số
Sudan là một nước đa sắc tộc trong đó người da đen bản địa chiếm 52% dân số, người Ả Rập chiếm 39%, người Beja 6%, người nước ngoài 2%, các dân tộc khác 1%.[sửa] Ngôn ngữ chính thức
Theo hiến pháp năm 2005, ngôn ngữ chính thức của Sudan là tiếng Ả Rập và tiếng Anh, ngoài ra còn có tiếng Nubia, và các thổ ngữ khác.[sửa] Văn hóa
[sửa] Giáo dục
Giáo dục phổ cập bắt buộc và miễn phí 6 năm, tuy nhiên vẫn chưa thực hiện được (do nội chiến và thiếu thốn phương tiện). Ở miền Bắc và miền Trung, chỉ có khoảng 1/2 số trẻ em đến tuổi được đến trường. 3/4 khu vực có trường tiểu học và 1/5 khu vực có trường trung học. Sudan có một trường đại học ở thủ đô Khartoum.Vé máy bay giá rẻ / ve may bay gia re
Dịch vụ xuất nhập khẩu . dich vu xuat nhap khau
Dịch vụ xuất nhập khẩu . dich vu xuat nhap khau
Dịch vụ xuất nhập khẩu . dich vu xuat nhap khau
hoiquanzen.com hoiquanzen.com/ Kinh Thanh Bang Hinh/ Kinh Thánh Bằng Hình/ Kinh Thánh Cựu ước/ Adam Eva/
Sudan 4
[sửa] Nội chiến Sudan Thứ hai 1983-2005
Trong mười năm đình chiến từ 1972 đến 1982, chính quyền miền Nam Sudan được rộng quyền tự trị nhưng Tổng thống Nimeiry năm 1983 đòi đẩy mạnh chính sách "Hồi hóa" toàn quốc bằng cách ban hành bộ luật mới căn cứ theo luật Shari'a của đạo Hồi. Ở miền Bắc Nimeiry tuyên bố thiết quân luật để được rộng quyền áp dụng Shari'a. Theo luật mới thì kẻ trộm cắp bị hình phạt chặt tay. Ai chứa chấp rượu thì bị đánh bằng roi bất kể người đó có theo đạo hay không.Dân miền Nam Sudan chống lại chính sách mới của chính phủ Khartoum. Cũng năm 1983 tổ chức SPLA (Sudan People's Liberation Army, "Quân đội Giải phóng Nhân dân Sudan") ra đời do John Garang lãnh đạo với yêu sách độc lập cho miền Nam Sudan. Tháng Chín năm 1984 Nimeiry tuyên bố sẽ miễn không áp dụng Shari'a cho những ai không theo đạo Hồi nhưng nhóm SPLA vẫn không giải giáp. Dựa trên chủ thuyết Mác-xít lực lượng SPLA được khối Cộng sản gồm Liên Xô và Ethiopia viện trợ vũ khí và quân nhu.
Cuộc chiến thêm cam go vì hạn hán và nạn đói hoành hành miền Nam Sudan. Tháng Tư năm 1985 trong khi Nimeiry xuất ngoại, tướng Abdul Rahman Suwar ad-Dahhab mở cuộc đảo chánh, hủy bỏ chính sách "Hồi hóa". Tuy nhiên bộ luật Shari'a vẫn để nguyên. Chính phủ kế tiếp là do thủ tướng dân lập Sadiq al-Mahdi ra chấp chính đại diện liên minh ba đảng:
- Hizb al-Umma (đảng Umma);
- Al Hizb Al-Ittihadi Al-Dimuqrati, thường viết tắt là DUP (Democratic Unionsit Party, "Đảng Thống nhất Dân chủ") và
- Al-Jabhah al-Islamiyah al-Qawmiyah, viết tắt là NIF (National Islamic Front, "Mặt trận Hồi giáo Quốc gia").
- Ngưng bắn
- Ngưng áp dụng luật Shari'a
- Chấm dứt thiết quân luật. Sau đó sẽ tổ chức hội nghị lập hiến để vạch một đường đi mới cho cả nước Sudan.
Tháng 6 năm 1989. Omar Hassan al-Bashir với sự hậu thuẫn của đảng NIF cướp chính quyền. Nhóm quân phiệt 15 người (năm 1991 rút thành 12) lên nắm quyền dưới danh nghĩa RCC (Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation, tức "Hội đồng Chỉ huy Cách mạng Cứu Quốc"). Tiếp theo là một cuộc thanh trừng dân sự lẫn quân sự. Các nghiệp đoàn, đảng phái chính trị và các tổ chức phi tôn giáo đều bị cấm hoạt động.
Ngoài lực lượng quân đội chính quy, chính phủ quân phiệt còn dùng nhóm al-Difaa al-Shaabi, viết tắt là PDF (People's Defense Forces, "Lực lượng Phòng vệ Nhân Dân") để càn quét các tỉnh miền Nam. Quân Sudan kiểm soát những thị trấn lớn như Juba, Wau, và Malakal nhưng quân SPLA thì vẫn chiếm đóng phần lớn các tỉnh phía Nam. Tình hình thêm rối loạn khi quân SPLA vì bất đồng nội bộ phân hóa thành mấy nhóm: nhóm Nasir, nhóm của Bany và nhóm Bol.
Dù vậy các cuộc hòa đàm dần dần có kết quả và Hiệp ước Hòa bình Tổng thể được ký ở Nairobi vào Tháng Giêng năm 2005. Hiệp ước đó cho phép quân đội hai miền không phải giải giới và được giữ nguyên vị trí nhưng miền Nam được sáu năm tự trị. Tiếp theo đó là cuộc trưng cầu dân ý để quyết định chính thể cho miền Nam. Lợi tức tài nguyên dầu lửa sẽ được chia đôi. Để hợp nhất hai chính phủ, Garang được thâu nạp làm một trong hai phó tổng thống Sudan. Tiếc thay Tháng Tám năm 2005 trong một phi vụ trực thăng, máy bay rớt và Garang tử thương. Phe SPLA nổi dậy làm loạn đốt phá nhưng tình hình dần lắng dịu. Liên hiệp Quốc cũng giúp sức với các dự án cứu trợ nhân đạo và phổ biến nhân quyền ở Sudan, làm ổn định xã hội. Vấn đề chưa giải quyết là chủ quyền hạt Abyei với nhiều mỏ dầu thô. Cả hai phe Bắc và Nam đều đòi quyền cai trị khu vực này.
[sửa] Trưng cầu dân ý năm 2011
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Bài chi tiết: Trưng cầu dân ý miền Nam Sudan năm 2011
Kết quả cuộc trưng cầu dân ý đưa ra con số gần 98,83% số phiếu ủng hộ độc lập cho miền Nam. Chính phủ trung ương tuyên bố sẽ chấp nhận quyết định của đại đa số và sẽ xúc tiến bàn giao.[3]
[sửa] Xung đột ớ Darfur
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Bài chi tiết: Xung đột Darfur
[sửa] Xung đột Sudan-Tchad
Vào cuối năm 2005 Tchad cho tổng động viên khi quân phiến loạn Rassemblement pour la Démocratie et la Liberté do Khartoum ủng hộ dùng vùng biên giới đánh phá quân chính phủ N'Djamena. Khi thị trấn Adré thuộc Tchad bị uy hiếp, Tchad tuyên chiến với Sudan ngày 23 Tháng Chạp, 2005. Chính phủ Khartoum bác bỏ lời cáo buộc của N'Djamena và phản bác rằng chính quân lực Tchad đã xâm phạm không phận của Sudan. Tình hình bớt căng thẳng khi hai nước ký hiệp ước đình chiến ngày 3 Tháng Năm, 2007 tại Ả Rập Saudi và tuyên bố sẽ nỗ lực duy trì hòa bình dọc dải biên giới 1.000 km.[sửa] Xung đột Miền Đông
Trong khi cuộc chiến Bắc Nam Sudan kéo dài thì miền Đông có loạn do các bộ tộc Beja và Rashaida nổi lên chống lại chính phủ Khartoum. Các nhóm này hợp nhất dưới một tổ chức mang tên "Mặt trận Miền Đông" đánh phá ba tỉnh Kassala (Ash Sharqiyah), Al Qadarif và Al Bahr al Ahmar. Chính phủ nước Eritrea lúc đầu ủng hộ Mặt trận nhưng đến giữa năm 2005 lại đổi chính sách, hợp tác với chính phủ Khartoum. Với Eritrea làm trung gian, Khartoum và Mặt trận Miền Đông mở cuộc hòa đàm và đến 14 Tháng Mười năm 2006 thì hai bên ký hòa ước ở Asmara, thủ đô Eritrea. Theo hòa ước này thì ba tiểu bang Kassala (Ash Sharqiyah), Al Qadarif và Al Bahr al Ahmar cả hai phe, chính phủ trung ương và Mặt trận Miền Đông sẽ chí nhau tài nguyên và quyền lực ở cấp liên bang và tiểu bang.Vé máy bay giá rẻ / ve may bay gia re
Dịch vụ xuất nhập khẩu . dich vu xuat nhap khau
Dịch vụ xuất nhập khẩu . dich vu xuat nhap khau
Dịch vụ xuất nhập khẩu . dich vu xuat nhap khau
hoiquanzen.com hoiquanzen.com/ Kinh Thanh Bang Hinh/ Kinh Thánh Bằng Hình/ Kinh Thánh Cựu ước/ Adam Eva/
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